Otu kristal dị ụkọ n'okike, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha na-eme, ha na-adịkarị obere - na-adịkarị na milimita (mm) ọnụ ọgụgụ - ma sie ike inweta. diamond a kọrọ akụkọ ya, emeralds, agates, wdg, n'ozuzu adịghị abanye mgbasa ozi ahịa, hapụ naanị ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe; A na-egosipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka ihe ngosi. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ kristal otu na-ejide uru ụlọ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama, dị ka silicon otu-kristal na ụlọ ọrụ sekit agbakwunyere, sapphire a na-ejikarị na anya anya anya, na silicon carbide, nke na-enweta ume na semiconductor ọgbọ nke atọ. Ikike nke imepụta otu kristal ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị na-anọchi anya ike na teknụzụ ụlọ ọrụ na sayensị mana ọ bụkwa akara nke akụ na ụba. Ihe kachasị mkpa maka imepụta otu kristal na ụlọ ọrụ bụ nnukwu nha, n'ihi na nke a bụ isi ihe na-ebelata ụgwọ ọrụ nke ọma. N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ kristal a na-ahụkarị na ahịa:
1. Sapphire Single Crystal
Sapphire otu kristal na-ezo aka na α-Al₂O₃, nke nwere sistemu kristal hexagonal, ike Mohs nke 9, yana akụrụngwa kemịkalụ kwụsiri ike. Ọ na-esighi ike na mmiri acidic ma ọ bụ alkaline na-emebi emebi, na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, ma na-egosiputa ezigbo nnyefe ọkụ, ikuku ọkụ, na mkpuchi eletrik.
Ọ bụrụ na Ti na Fe ion dochie Al ion dị na kristal, kristal na-apụta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ wee kpọọ sapphire. Ọ bụrụ na Cr ion dochie ya, ọ na-acha uhie uhie ma a na-akpọ ya ruby. Agbanyeghị, sapphire ụlọ ọrụ dị ọcha α-Al₂O₃, enweghị agba na nghọta, na-enweghị adịghị ọcha.
Sapphire ụlọ ọrụ na-adịkarị n'ụdị wafers, 400-700 μm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ yana 4–8 sentimita asatọ n'obosara. A maara ndị a dị ka wafers ma bepụ ya na ingots kristal. Egosiri n'okpuru bụ ingot ewepụtara ọhụrụ site na otu ọkụ kristal, a na-egbuchabeghị ya ma ọ bụ bepụ ya.
Na 2018, Jinghui Electronic Company na Inner Mongolia tolitere nke ọma kristal sapphire ultra-large 450 n'ụwa. kristal sapphire kacha ibu gara aga n'ụwa niile bụ kristal dị kilogram 350 emepụtara na Russia. Dị ka a na-ahụ na foto a, kristal a na-enwe ọdịdị mgbe niile, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè nke ọma, enweghị mgbawa na oke ọka, ma nwee obere afụ.
2. Silicon Single-Crystal
Ugbu a, silicon otu kristal ejiri maka ibe sekit agbakwunyere nwere ịdị ọcha nke 99.9999999% ruo 99.999999999% (9-11 nines), yana ingot silicon nke 420kg ga-edobe ihe owuwu zuru oke dịka diamond. N'okike, ọbụlagodi otu karat (200 mg) diamond dị obere.
Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ise na-achịkwa mmepụta ụwa nke otu kristal silicon ingots: Shin-Etsu Japan (28.0%), SUMCO Japan (21.9%), GlobalWafers nke Taiwan (15.1%), South Korea's SK Siltron (11.6%), na Siltronic Germany (11.3%). Ọbụna onye nrụpụta semiconductor wafer kacha ukwuu na China China, NSIG, na-ejide naanị ihe dịka 2.3% nke oke ahịa. Ka o sina dị, dị ka onye bịara ọhụrụ, e kwesịghị ileda ike ya anya. Na 2024, NSIG na-ezube itinye ego na oru ngo iji kwalite mmepụta silicon wafer 300 mm maka sekit agbakwunyere, yana atụmatụ ntinye ego ruru ijeri ¥ 13.2.
Dị ka akụrụngwa maka ibe, ingots silicon otu-kristal dị elu na-esi na 6-inch ruo 12-inch dayameta. Ndị na-ahụ maka mgbawa mba ụwa, dị ka TSMC na GlobalFoundries, na-eme ka ibe si na silicon wafers 12-inch bụrụ ihe na-ewu ewu, ebe a na-eji nke nta nke nta wepụ 8-inch wafers. Onye ndu ụlọ SMIC ka na-eji wafer 6-inch na-ejikarị. Ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị SUMCO nke Japan nwere ike imepụta mkpụrụ wafer dị inch 12 dị ọcha.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers bụ ihe dị mkpa semiconductor, na nha ha bụ oke dị oke mkpa na usoro nkwadebe.
Ugbu a, a na-emepụta wafers GaA na nha nke 2 sentimita, 3 inch, 4 inch, 6 inch, 8 inches, na 12 sentimita asatọ. N'ime ndị a, 6-inch wafers bụ otu n'ime nkọwa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
Oke dayameta nke otu kristal toro site na usoro Horizontal Bridgman (HB) na-abụkarị sentimita atọ, ebe usoro Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) nwere ike iwepụta otu kristal ruru sentimita iri na abụọ n'obosara. Otú ọ dị, uto LEC chọrọ ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa dị elu ma na-ewepụta kristal na-enweghị ọdịdị na njupụta dị elu. Ụzọ Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) na Vertical Bridgman (VB) nwere ike ịmepụta otu kristal ruo sentimita asatọ na dayameta, na-enwe nhazi otu na njupụta dị ala.
Nkà na ụzụ mmepụta maka 4-inch na 6-inch semi-insulating GaAs polished wafers bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ atọ na-ahụ maka ya: Ụlọ ọrụ Sumitomo Electric nke Japan, Ngwakọta Freiberger Compound nke Germany, na AXT US. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, mkpụrụ osisi 6-inch agbagorola ihe karịrị 90% nke oke ahịa.
N'afọ 2019, Freiberger, Sumitomo na Beijing Tongmei na-achị ahịa GaAs zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana oke ahịa nke 28%, 21% na 13%, n'otu n'otu. Dị ka atụmatụ site na consulting ụlọ ọrụ Yole, zuru ụwa ọnụ ahịa nke GaAs substrates (gbanwere na 2-inch nhata) ruru ihe dị ka nde 20 nde na 2019 ma na-atụ anya gafere 35 nde iberibe site 2025. The zuru ụwa ọnụ GaAs substrate ahịa e uru na gburugburu $200 nde na 2019 na a na-atụ anya iru $340 nde site CA, ọnụego kwa afọ (348 million). bụ 9.67% site na 2019 ruo 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
Ugbu a, ahịa ahụ nwere ike ịkwado uto nke 2-inch na 3-inch dayameta silicon carbide (SiC) otu kristal. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akọpụtala uto na-aga nke ọma nke ụdị kristal SiC 4-inch 4H, na-aka akara mmezu China nke ọkwa ọkwa ụwa na teknụzụ uto kristal SiC. Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere nnukwu ọdịiche tupu ịzụ ahịa.
Na mkpokọta, ingots SiC toro site na usoro mmiri mmiri dị obere, yana ọkpụrụkpụ na ọkwa centimita. Nke a bụkwa ihe kpatara ọnụ ahịa SiC wafers dị elu.
XKH bụ ọkachamara na R&D na nhazi ahaziri nke ihe ndị isi semiconductor, gụnyere sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, na ceramics, na-ekpuchi ụdọ ọnụ ahịa zuru oke site na uto kristal ruo n'ịrụ ọrụ ziri ezi. N'iji ike ụlọ ọrụ ejikọta ọnụ, anyị na-enye sapphire wafers dị elu, silicon carbide substrates, na silicon wafers dị oke ọcha, na-akwado site na ngwọta ahaziri dị ka ịkpụcha omenala, mkpuchi elu, na ịmepụta geometry mgbagwoju anya iji gboo oke gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro laser, mmepụta semiconductor, na ngwa ume ọhụrụ.
N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ dị mma, ngwaahịa anyị na-egosipụta nkenke ọkwa micron,>1500°C nkwụsi ike ọkụ, yana nguzogide corrosion dị elu, na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi na ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ siri ike. Na mgbakwunye, anyị na-ebunye substrates quartz, metal / na-abụghị ọla, na ihe ndị ọzọ semiconductor-ọkwa, na-eme ka enweghị nkebi ntụgharị site na prototyping na-emepụta ọtụtụ maka ndị ahịa n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-29-2025